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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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00208_Field_frep130.txt
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1996-12-30
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118 lines
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF COLOR VISION:
EARLY RESULTS
Gunnar Svaetichin and Edward
MacNichol recorded the
responses to color of horizontal
cells in the teleost fish.
Deflections pointing downward
from the gray line indicate
hyperpolarization; those
pointing upward indicate
depolarization.
The first cell-level
physiological information came
250 years after Newton from the
studies of the Swedish-
Finnish-Venezuelan
physiologist Gunnar
Svaetichin, who in 1956
recorded intracellularly in
teleost fish from what he
thought were cones but turned
out later to be horizontal cells.
These cells responded with slow
potentials only (no action
potentials) when light was
directed on the retina. He found
three types of cells, as
illustrated to the left: the first,
which he called L cells, were
hyperpolarized by light
stimulation regardless of the
light's wavelength composition;
the second, called r-g cells,
were hyperpolarized by short
wavelengths, with a maximum
response to green light, and
depolarized by long
wavelengths, with a maximum
response to red; the third,
which with Hering in mind he
called y-b cells, responded like
r-g cells but with maximal
hyperpolarization to blue and
maximal depolarization to
yellow. For r-g and y-b cells,
white light gave only weak and
transient responses, as would
be expected from white's broad
spectral energy content.
Moreover, for both types of cell,
which we can call opponent-
color cells, some intermediate
wavelength of light, the
crossover point, failed to evoke
a response. Because these cells
react to colored light but not to
white light, they are probably
concerned with the sensation
of color.
In 1958, Russell De Valois
(rhymes with hoi polloi) and his
colleagues recorded responses
strikingly similar to
Svaetichin's from cells in the
lateral geniculate body of
macaque monkeys. De Valois
had previously shown by
behavioral testing that color
vision in macaque monkeys is
almost identical to color vision
in humans; for example, the
amounts of two colored lights
that have to be combined to
match a third light are almost
identical in the two species. It
is therefore likely that
macaques and humans have
similar machinery in the early
stages of their visual pathways,
and we are probably justified in
comparing human color
psychophysics with macaque
physiology. De Valois found
many geniculate cells that were
activated by diffuse
monochromatic light at
wavelengths ranging from one
end of the spectrum to a
crossover point, where there
was no response, and were
suppressed by light over a
second range of wavelengths
from the crossover point to the
other end. Again the analogy to
Hering's color processes was
compelling: De Valois found
opponent-color cells of two
types, red-green and yellow-
blue; for each type, combining
two lights whose wavelengths
were on opposite sides of some
crossover point led to mutual
cancellation of responses, just
as, perceptually, adding blue to
yellow or adding green to red
produced white. De Valois'
results were especially
reminiscent of Hering's
formulations in that his two
classes of color cells had
response maxima and crossover
points in just the appropriate
places along the spectrum for
one group to be judging the
yellow-blueness of the light
and the other, red-greenness.